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His parents emigrated from Warsaw, Poland and worked in the garment industry. Although his family was not interested in science, Benzer dissected flies in his basement lab and read books on atomic physics during synagogue. At 15, Benzer graduated from high school and studied physics and chemistry at Brooklyn College on a Regents Scholarship.
He continued his study of physics in graduate school at Purdue University where he worked on a secret military radar project. Later in grad school, Benzer read a short book called What is Life? Erwin Schrodinger's book had a similar effect on Benzer because it made the mysterious nature of genes sound like the problem to solve.
After struggling to learn the course's most important skill - holding a test tube in one hand and the test tube cap and pipette in the other - Benzer was hooked on biology.
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Benzer returned to Purdue as a professor of physics, but spent most of his time travelling to other labs to work in molecular biology. In , after Watson and Crick published their model of DNA, Benzer hatched his plan to get inside the gene by using bacteriophage with mutant rII genes. In , Benzer received the Lasker Award for this "brilliant contribution to molecular genetics.
After ten years of work on the rII system, and prompted by observations of his two daughters, Benzer began studying how genes shape behavior. As a professor of biology at Caltech, he and his graduate student Ronald Konopka were the first to find a gene that controls an organism's sense of time. Benzer received the Crafoord Prize in for his pioneering work in genes and behavior.
He won the Albany Medical Center Prize in Medicine and Biomedical Research , which has been called the American Nobel Prize, for demonstrating that single gene mutations in Drosophila can greatly affect behavior. When he was not spending the night working in his lab he thought he was a clock mutant , he could be seen warming up a lunch of cow's udder or bull testicles on his Bunsen burner, prying open locked doors, and playing with his plastic eyeball keychain.
Other scientists, like Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins, also contributed to this discovery. A meeting of minds at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory,