In what way did religion shape government in the middle ages?

Born in Fano, Italy [ 4 ] to a prominent Florentine family, he initially came to prominence as a canon lawyer before being made a Cardinal-Priest in In , he was elected Pope and took the name of Clement. During his papacy he effected the reconciliation of Henry IV of France to the Catholic faith and was instrumental in setting up an alliance of Christian nations to oppose the Ottoman Empire in the so-called Long War.

He also successfully adjudicated in a bitter dispute between the Dominicans and the Jesuits on the issue of efficacious grace and free will. In , he presided over a jubilee , which brought many pilgrimages to Rome. He presided over the trial and execution of Giordano Bruno and implemented strict measures against Jewish residents of the Papal States.

According to some accounts, he may have been the first pope to drink coffee, and his approval thereof may have led to its popularization. He was baptized on 4 March at the cathedral of Fano. He was from a Florentine family, son of Silvestro Aldobrandini and Lesa Deti, and followed his father as a canon lawyer , becoming an Auditor judge of the Roman Rota , the highest ecclesiastical court constituted by the Holy See.

He was an effective, if sometimes rigorous, administrator.

When were there 3 popes at the same time

He was made Cardinal-Priest of S. Pancrazio in by Pope Sixtus V , who named him major penitentiary in January and in sent him as Papal legate in Poland. He placed himself under the spiritual direction of the reformer Saint Philip Neri , who for thirty years was his confessor. Aldobrandini won the gratitude of the Habsburgs by his successful diplomatic efforts in Poland to obtain the release of the imprisoned Archduke Maximilian , the defeated candidate for the Polish throne.

Known to be very intelligent, disciplined, and in tune with the inner workings of the Church, [ 7 ] Cardinal Aldobrandini was elected on 30 January , as a portent of more balanced and liberal Papal policy in European affairs. He proved to be an able Pope, with an unlimited capacity for work, and a lawyer's eye for detail. He was a wise statesman, the general object of whose policy was to free the Papacy from its dependence upon Spain.